This month, a team of Penn State engineers developed a thermally-modulated, fast-charging lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery. The LFP battery will offer upside to mass-market EV adoption by relieving concerns surrounding range per charge, emphasizing Fitch’s expectations for increasing lithium demand.
Primary importing economies, such as the EU and the US have increasingly implemented explicit policies to secure critical minerals sourcing and diversify away from China, following a multi-pronged approach. Significant progress in domestic lithium extraction activities will add upside to the advance of diversification of the battery value supply chain, Fitch asserts.
Zero-carbon lithium makes strides in EU
The EU offers the most promising, near-term development of lithium extraction with several projects in its pipeline likely beginning production around 2023, Fitch says. The European Commission added lithium to its list of critical raw materials for the first time in 2020, signifying its shift to the forefront of attention.
Also this month, Vulcan Resources released a pre-feasibility study for its much-anticipated Zero-Carbon lithium project in Germany, reporting its lithium resources to be the largest in Europe.
The company has pioneered a lithium extraction technique using geothermal power which it claims to emit no carbon dioxide (CO2), matching the EU stringent climate agenda. The project is expected to produce enough lithium for 1mn EV batteries per annum, with possible production beginning in 2024, strengthening the EU’s capability to supply its domestic EV fleet.
Recent investment in Savannah Resources’ Mina do Barroso lithium project in Portugal will advance the project timeline by helping finance the definitive feasibility study, Fitch says. In January, Savannah reached a $6.4 million investment agreement with Galp Energia which will enable Galp to acquire a 10% maximum stake in Mina do Barroso.
Portugal is currently Europe’s largest lithium producer, accounting for 1.6% of global production in 2019, however Portuguese lithium is not marketed to the auto sector, but instead ceramics and glassware, Fitch points out. While Savannah Resources CEO David Archer says the lithium oxide at Mina do Barroso will be well-suited for implementation in EV batteries, initial lithium oxide spodumene will be exported to China.
Fitch emphasizes China’s maintained dominance in downstream activities will prove much more difficult for Europe to overcome.
Thacker Pass approval in US
On January 15, the US Bureau of Land Management issued the Record of Decision for Lithium Americas Corp’s Thacker Pass lithium project, signaling a successful leap in the US reshoring of lithium extraction.
The project, located in Humboldt County, Nevada, is the largest known lithium resource in the country with 6mnt of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE). According to Lithium Americas, US battery production capacity will require more than 250kt of LCE by 2030, with Thacker Pass well-positioned to contribute at a competitive cost of $4,088/tonne of lithium. Thacker Pass is expected to begin producing by 2023, making it one of the most advance-staged lithium developments in the US.
UK needs more domestic investment
The recent successful achievement of lithium carbonate production in the United Kingdom will boost the country’s potential to provide for its domestic supply chain in the longer term, Fitch forecasts. On January 18, Li4UK (Securing a Domestic Lithium Supply Chain for the UK) reported positive lithium production from two projects within the UK, including Cornish Lithium (CLL)’s Trelavour project in Cornwall.
Li4UK is a project commissioned by the UK government to evaluate the viability of producing battery-grade lithium from domestic sources. The initiative was carried out by a consortium that includes Wardell Armstrong International (WAI), The Natural History Museum (NHM) and CLL. Cornish Lithium is also trialing a pilot plant using a zero-carbon, direct lithium extraction technology (DLE), similar to Vulcan Resources in Germany.
Fitch‘s autos team forecasts EV sales in the UK to surpass 296,000 units in 2021, representing y-o-y growth of 70.6%, and placing the UK as the third largest European EV market by sales volume.
Australia still dominates
Australia will maintain its position as the number one global lithium producer in the short term, underpinned by strong government support and a robust project pipeline, Fitch says. According the USGS, Australia accounted for 54.4% of global lithium production in 2019, more than double the output of the world’s second-largest producer, Chile.
The country’s government supports investment in key lithium projects, detailing ten advanced projects in the second edition of the Australian Critical Minerals Prospectus published in 2020.
Core Lithium’s Finniss lithium project remains on track for targeted construction in H221 and commercial production in 2022. The project is located in the Northern Territory and is expected to produce 175kt of high-quality lithium spodumene concentrate annually at a competitive cost and low capex.
Core Lithium’s largest offtake partner, Yahua Industrial Group, has signed a supply agreement with Tesla to provide the auto manufacturer lithium hydroxide for battery use, sustaining demand for Australian lithium.
Other significant domestic lithium projects underway include Wesfarmer’s Mount Holland project and Liontown Resources’ Kathleen Valley project. The Mount Holland project is expected to produce 45kt of battery-grade lithium hydroxide per year (post ramp-up), and the firm plans to reach an investment decision during the first quarter of 2021, Fitch says.
In January 2021, Liontown Resources reportedly has proceeded to the next stage of project development, with a definitive feasibility study (DFS) for Kathleen Valley scheduled to be complete by Q42021. The project has an annual expected production of 295kt of lithium oxide spodumene concentrate.
